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Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78): Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):617-618. Published online July 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0152

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Original Articles

Complications
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study: Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):368-378. Published online October 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0046

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Background
To evaluate the association of time to reach the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level with long-term durable glycemic control and risk of diabetic complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
In a longitudinal observational cohort, 194 patients with T2DM newly diagnosed between January 2011 and March 2013 were followed up over 6 years. Patients were classified according to the time needed to reach the target HbA1c (<7.0%): <3, 3 to 6 (early achievement group), and ≥6 months (late achievement group). Risks of microvascular complications including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy as well as macrovascular events including ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease were assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Results
During a median follow-up of 6.53 years, 66 microvascular and 14 macrovascular events occurred. Maintenance of durable glycemic control over 6 years was more likely in the early achievement groups than in the late achievement group (34.5%, 30.0%, and 16.1% in <3, 3 to 6, and ≥6 months, respectively, P=0.039). Early target HbA1c achievement was associated with lower risk of composite diabetic complications (adjusted hazard ratio [HR, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.86 in <3 months group) (adjusted HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.10 in 3 to 6 months group, in reference to ≥6 months group). Similar trends were maintained for risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications, although statistical significance was not reached for macrovascular complications.
Conclusion
Early target HbA1c achievement was associated with long-term durable glycemic control and reduced risk of diabetic complications in newly diagnosed T2DM.

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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(3): 337. CrossRef
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)
Ja Young Jeon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 613. CrossRef
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)
Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 617. CrossRef
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Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Determinants of Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control in New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Kyoung Jin Kim, Ju Hee Choi, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jee Hyun An, Hee Young Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):284-295. Published online August 3, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.284

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Long-term durable glycemic control is a difficult goal in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We evaluated the factors associated with durable glycemic control in a real clinical setting.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 194 new-onset, drug-naïve patients with T2DM who were diagnosed between January 2011 and March 2013, and were followed up for >2 years. Glycemic durability was defined as the maintenance of optimal glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <7.0%) for 2 years without substitution or adding other glucose-lowering agents. Clinical factors and glycemic markers associated with glycemic durability were compared between two groups: a durability group and a non-durability group.

Results

Patients in the durability group had a higher baseline body mass index (26.1 kg/m² vs. 24.9 kg/m²) and lower HbA1c (8.6% vs. 9.7%) than the non-durability group. The initial choice of glucose-lowering agents was similar in both groups, except for insulin and sulfonylureas, which were more frequently prescribed in the non-durability group. In multiple logistic regression analyses, higher levels of education, physical activity, and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were associated with glycemic durability. Notably, lower HbA1c (<7.0%) at baseline and first follow-up were significantly associated with glycemic durability (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.51 to 22.3) (adjusted OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 1.62 to 53.1, respectively), after adjusting for confounding variables including the types of glucose-lowering agents.

Conclusion

Early achievement of HbA1c level within the glycemic target was a determinant of long-term glycemic durability in new-onset T2DM, as were higher levels of education, physical activity, and HOMA-β.

Citations

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Initial Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(1): 23. CrossRef
Validation of RSSDI therapeutic wheel with clinical experience of Indian physicians
Dhruvi Hasnani, Vipul Chavda, Dinesh Agrawal, Bijay Patni, Ashwin David, Sachin Gathe, Rajeev Chawla, Jothydev Kesavadev, Sunil Gupta, Shriji Hasnani, Banshi Saboo
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2022; 42(3): 451. CrossRef
Greater Glycemic Burden Is Associated with Further Poorer Glycemic Control in Newly-Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Wei-Lun Wen, Hui-Chun Huang, Hsiu-Chu Lin, Wan-Ching Lo, Szu-Chia Chen, Mei-Yueh Lee
Nutrients.2022; 14(2): 320. CrossRef
Durability of glucose-lowering effect of dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world data study
Hwi Seung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Myung Jin Kim, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee
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Durability of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis for its association with body weight changes
Danpei Li, HuaJie Zou, Ping Yin, Wenjun Li, Junyu He, Shuyun Wang, Li Huang, Shiying Shao, Yong Chen, Yan Yang, Xuefeng Yu
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(1): 208. CrossRef
Early combination versus initial metformin monotherapy in the management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: AnEast Asianperspective
Linong Ji, Juliana C. N. Chan, Miao Yu, Kun Ho Yoon, Sin Gon Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Chien‐Ning Huang, Shih Te Tu, Chih‐Yuan Wang, Päivi Maria Paldánius, Wayne H. H. Sheu
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Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(3): 368. CrossRef
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Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)
Ja Young Jeon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 613. CrossRef
Association of Habitual Daily Physical Activity With Glucose Tolerance and β-Cell Function in Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes From the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Study
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Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population: Min Jin Go, Joo-Yeon Hwang, Tae-Joon Park, Young Jin Kim, Ji Hee Oh, Yeon-Jung Kim, Bok-Ghee Han, Bong-Jo Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(5):375-387. Published online October 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.375

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Until recently, genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based findings have provided a substantial genetic contribution to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or related glycemic traits. However, identification of allelic heterogeneity and population-specific genetic variants under consideration of potential confounding factors will be very valuable for clinical applicability. To identify novel susceptibility loci for T2DM and glycemic traits, we performed a two-stage genetic association study in a Korean population.

Methods

We performed a logistic analysis for T2DM, and the first discovery GWAS was analyzed for 1,042 cases and 2,943 controls recruited from a population-based cohort (KARE, n=8,842). The second stage, de novo replication analysis, was performed in 1,216 cases and 1,352 controls selected from an independent population-based cohort (Health 2, n=8,500). A multiple linear regression analysis for glycemic traits was further performed in a total of 14,232 nondiabetic individuals consisting of 7,696 GWAS and 6,536 replication study participants. A meta-analysis was performed on the combined results using effect size and standard errors estimated for stage 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

A combined meta-analysis for T2DM identified two new (rs11065756 and rs2074356) loci reaching genome-wide significance in CCDC63 and C12orf51 on the 12q24 region. In addition, these variants were significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Interestingly, two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with sex-specific stratification in this study.

Conclusion

Our study showed a strong association between T2DM and glycemic traits. We further observed that two novel loci with multiple diverse effects were highly specific to males. Taken together, these findings may provide additional insights into the clinical assessment or subclassification of disease risk in a Korean population.

Citations

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BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2020; 8(1): e001395. CrossRef
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Jin-Kyu Kim, Ah-Young Lee, Jee-Hyun Kang, Byung-Yeon Yu, Seong-Ju Kim
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(1): 42. CrossRef
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Ho-Sun Lee, Yongkang Kim, Taesung Park
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Qiang Zhou, Bo Chen, Tianxing Ji, Miaoshan Luo, Jiandong Luo
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Yong He Chong, Qiao Fan, Yih Chung Tham, Alfred Gan, Shu Pei Tan, Gavin Tan, Jie Jin Wang, Paul Mitchell, Tien Yin Wong, Ching-Yu Cheng
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Letter: Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population (Diabetes Metab J2014;38:375-87)
Soo Heon Kwak
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(6): 484. CrossRef
Response: Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population (Diabetes Metab J2014;38:375-87)
Min Jin Go, Bong-Jo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(6): 487. CrossRef

Relations between Insulin Resistance and Hematologic Parameters in Elderly Koreans: Southwest Seoul (SWS) Study.: Kye Won Lee, Hye Jin Yoo, Soo Yeon Park, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Sang Soo Park, Soon Beom Kwon, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Jeong Heon Oh, Dong Hyun Shin, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Hyoung Jin Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(4):352-361. Published online August 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors is known as insulin resistance syndrome. Hyperinsulinemia has been suggested as a cardiovascular risk factor due to the capacity of insulin to induce vascular endothelial proliferation and atherosclerosis. Insulin also has been shown to stimulate erythroid colony formation independently of erythropoietin. WBC count is one of the major components of the inflammatory process and is increased by IL-6, which is high in those with features of insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether insulin resistance affects hematological parameters. METHODS: In this study, 1,314, randomly selected, non-diabetic, elderly subjects over 60 years living in the southwest area of Seoul were recruited. Subjects underwent 75 g OGTT and careful physical examinations during evaluation, and were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Biochemical data and hematologic parameters were also measured. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) method. Analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple comparisons and multiple linear regression analysis were carried out. RESULTS: In the male non-smoking group we found a correlation between insulin resistance and hemoglobin concentration (r=0.20, p=0.0186). In the female non- smoking group we found correlations between insulin resistance and both hemoglobin concentration (r=0.10, p=0.0017) and white blood cell (WBC) count (r=0.15, p=0.001). Hemoglobin concentration and WBC count were also correlated with BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profiles and fasting insulin levels in female non-smokers. In multiple regression analysis, using HOMA IR as a dependent variable, we found significance in the variables of hemoglobin concentration, WBC count, age, BMI and triglyceride level. CONCLUSION: Our study provided evidence for a relation between insulin resistance and hematological parameters such as hemoglobin concentration and WBC count in elderly Koreans. This suggests that increased hemoglobin level and WBC count could be considered as novel aspects of the met.

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